What is subtitling?
Subtitling is a translation mode. It consists of text units (subtitles) displayed usually at the bottom of the screen which intend to account for what has been said and/or any written message on screen.

What is voice-over?
Voice-over goes under the broader category of revoicing. It is voice that provides a translation in the intended target language. The voice is heard simultaneously on top of the original language voice of the speaker on-screen.

What is dubbing and dialogue adapting?
Dubbing is another type of revoicing. It replaces the original soundtrack containing the source language dialogues for another soundtrack in which the dialogues have been translated in the intended target language. Dubbing involves dialogue adaptation in order to have lip synchronization of the target language with the articulatory movements of the on-screen characters. Dubbing also involves the synchronization of the duration of the translation with the screen characters utterances and pauses.
The revoicing is performed by professional dubbing actors in a dubbing studio once the translation for dubbing and its dialogue adaptation is ready.

What is the difference between voice-over and dubbing?
They are both revoicing techniques, but they are different. In the voice-over the translated version speaks over the original soundtrack which can be heard in the background. The voice-over starts usually a little after the original track and finishes a little before the original track. In dubbing the original soundtrack is totally replaced by the translated one. There is also a complete synchronization with the characters’ utterances and pauses and with the movement of the lips. The replaced soundtrack is also “acted” by professional dubbing actors in studio.

What is Subtitling for the impaired of hearing (SDH)?
Subtitles for the impaired of hearing, or SDH, are subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing. These subtitles contain both dialogue and all the relevant sounds and noises necessary for the understanding of the clip. They might use a colour code for the different characters speaking.

What is Audio description?
Audio description is for the visually impaired to allow them to access audiovisual programmes. It provides a verbal version of the action on-screen in order to convey the visual image that is not accessible to a segment of the population. The audio description is voiced between the dialogues of the audiovisual programme.

What is localisation?
Localisation is the process of adapting a product or service to a particular language, culture, and local “look-and-feel”.

How is it like working with me?
I always assess the material together with the type of service required to see if I am the translator that suits your needs. I pay particular attention to details and the quality of my work. I always have one of my most trusted and experience mother tongue Italian colleagues to check and proofread my work before I deliver it to you. I am always very happy to help my clients providing additional advises if needed.

What are your charges?
Charges vary according to the type of service requested, length of the project, turnaround time, amount of words to be translated and TM matches availability (in case of text translation). It is always best to contact me with all the relevant information and sample of the material, then I will provide you with a free estimate of the costs.